Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water

The presence of the elements carbon (C), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), etc., could lead to the formation of cluster structures that are more stable in time. The stability of these clusters depends on the resonance between the separate molecules. The availability of carbon compounds and ions of chemical elements could lead to an uncompensated electric charge and potential in a structure that is stable for the effectuation of biological processes.

The conduct of an electric bio-current and the structuring of the cellular membrane has made possible the transition from non-living to living matter. Additional experiments are required for the clarification of this process. Erythrocytes consist predominately of a cellular membrane, and blood contains 92% water. Life on Earth has an unified origin, because each living cell has 20 amino acids, 2 carbohydrates and 1 phosphate.

Under certain conditions one could also speak of “activated” water. Yet this statement brings suspicions in some scientists. It is proven that cancer cells “lacerate” the energy hydrogen bonds among water molecules the most (Antonov, Galabova, 1992). Yes, water can be ‘activated’ and bear information regarding the living. One of Emoto’s experiments shows crystallized water after a strong earthquake and 3 months later. A conclusion can be drawn from this experiment too that, under favorable conditions,water can concentrate information in a small volume of water clusters.

Emoto’s crystals provoke both an interest and an insufficiently grounded criticism. If we look at them more carefully, we will see that they are structured with six apexes. Yet an analysis that is even more detailed shows that winter snowflakes are also always symmetrical and have six branches. To what extent do these crystallized structures carry information about the environment they have been created in? Snowflakes can be beautifully structured and formless. This shows that the “control sample” (a cloud in the atmosphere) from which they originate influences them with the initial conditions. The initial conditions are solar activity, temperature, geophysical fields, humidity, etc. This means that a conclusion can be made for the approximately similar structure of the water drops and afterwards snowflakes from an “average” ensemble. They have an almost identical mass and move in the atmosphere with a close speed. In the atmosphere they continue to structure themselves and to increase their volume. Even if they have originated at a different place in the cloud, there is a sufficient number of snowflakes that have originated in almost identical conditions.

We can find an answer to the question what is a “positive” and “negative” information about snowflakes with Emoto. In laboratory conditions, “negative” information (earthquake, “bad” acoustic vibrations for man, etc.) does not structure crystals. But “positive” information does. Yet it is interesting to what extent one factor can structure identical or similar snowflakes. Water is at its most dense at a temperature of4°C. It has been scientifically proven that its density decreases with the initiation of formation of hexagonal ice crystals upon decrease of temperature below 0°C. This is due to the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules.

But what is the reason for this structuring. Crystals are solid bodies whose constituent atoms, molecules or ions are arranged in a regular, repetitive structure in the three spatial dimensions. In water the crystal structure is slightly different. According to Isaac, only 10% of the hydrogen bonds in ice are covalent, i.e., sufficiently informationally stable. The hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another are most sensitive to external influences. The water spectrum in the cluster arrangement is relatively different in time. According to the effect of discreet evaporation of the water drop proven by Antonov and Yuskesselieva and the dependency of this effect on the energy states of the hydrogen bonds, we can search for an answer regarding the structuring of crystals. Each part of the spectrum depends on the surface tension of the water drops. The piques in the spectrum are six and informationally they “direct” the branches of the snowflake (Dr. Ignatov, 2009).

Apparently, in Emoto’s experiments, the initial “control” sample influences the crystal type. This means that after an influence with a specific factor, similar crystals could be expected. It is almost improbable to receive identical crystals. With the example for the influence of the word “love” on water, Emoto has not indicated clearly whether the experiment has been conducted from different samples.

“Double blind” experiments are required to check whether Emoto’s methodic is sufficiently differentiated. Isaac’s proof that 10% of the water molecules form covalent bonds after freezing shows us that probably water uses this information potential upon freezing. The achievement of Emoto even without “double blind” experiments remains sufficiently significant with regard to water’s information abilities.

Natural snowflake Wilson Bentley, 1925

Snowflake of Emoto, formed by natural water

The figure shows the difference between the control sample and the ones from the remaining days. The water molecules “tear” most highly the energy hydrogen bonds in water, as well as two piques in the spectrum during the natural phenomenon. The research was made with Antonov’s device. The biophysical result shows a decrease of the organism's vitality during an earthquake (Ignatov, 2008). During an earthquake, water cannot be structured into snowflakes in Emoto’s laboratory. There is evidence about a change in the electric conductivity of water during an earthquake.

In 1963, the Tanzanian high school student Erasto Mpemba observed that hot water freezes faster than cold water. This phenomenon is called the “Mpemba effect”. Actually, much earlier than Mpemba, this unique water property was noted by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes. This phenomenon has been proven with a series of independent experiments. Water demonstrates yet another one of its strange properties. In my opinion, the explanation is the following: the differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of boiled water has a smaller average energy of the hydrogen bonds among the water molecules than the sample having a room temperature (Ignatov, Antonov, Galabova, 1998). The boiled sample needs less energy to begin to structure crystals and to freeze (Dr. Ignatov, 2009).

To what extend can Emoto’s experiments be related to the “informationability of water. His experiments prove that water reacts to external influences. In his laboratory snowflakes lack the natural variety. They are formed in more standardized conditions. The valuable thing is that he demonstrates that water “remembers” external influences. The question regarding the longevity of this information in his experiments remains open.

Crystallized water after a strong earthquake (A) and 3 months later (B), Emoto.

А

B

Mosin from Russia has a unique contribution in the experiments with water that contains deuterium.

New achievements in the studies of water structure allow to better analyze the conditions for the emergence of life. It is difficult to presume that life has originated in “chaotic” water (Ignatov, 2010). Living organisms and water (Antonov, Galabova, 1992) are complex self-organizing systems. Schrödinger clearly defines that living organisms reduce their own entropy at the expense of increasing the entropy of the environment.

Self-organization can most logically explain the origin of living matter. The term itself was introduced in 1947 by Ashby. The dissipative structures of Prigozhin and the hyper cycles of Eigen show that life is most probably not the result of chaotic processes. Prigozhin demonstrated that the formation of dissipative structures and the increase of their complexity is associated with changes in entropy.

For their achievements, both scientists separately received the Nobel Prize.

In late 2009 and early 2010 I carried out experiments with control “deionized” water, mineral water, sea water, and mountain water from Bulgaria. Water from karst springs was also studied. The experiments were made with Antonov’s device for spectral analysis of water. Cactus juice was studied too (Ignatov, 2009). The cactus was selected as a model system because the plant contains about 90% water. Also, photosynthesis is carried out by the enlarged stems, which serve for storage of water as well. Mineral water from different springs was examined.

Closest to the spectrum of sap, however, is the spectrum of mineral water, which reacts with calcium carbonate (СаСО₃). Karst springs have a similar spectrum. Closest to the spectrum of sap is the spectrum of karst springs water, which interacts with mineral water.

In nature there are places with different water and identical external conditions. 25 km away from Teteven there is the Zlatna Panega karst spring with a temperature from 10 to 12,5 °C. Three mineral springs with an average temperature of 21 °C. pour into the lake formed by the spring. Only a few kilometers away is the Vit river with an average temperature of around 15 °C. Photographs demonstrate the obvious difference between the plant life in the water of the river and the karst spring. This is visible proof of the optimally good place for the active life of algae under identical external conditions. The difference is only in the structure of water.

Karst and mineral spring, vegetation Zlatna Panega, Teteven district, Bulgaria Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Vit river, Teteven district, vegetation 7 km away from Zlatna Panega, Bulgaria Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Close in value peaks in the amplitudes of the spectra of sap and of karst and mineral springs, which interact with calcium carbonate are observed. Peaks are found at -0.1112, -0.1187, -0.1262, -0.1287 и -0.1387 еV. The average energy of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules in the creation of cluster formations is measured. Similar amplitudes in the spectrum between the sap and the mountain and sea water is observed at -0.1362 еV. The spectrum of the control “deionized” water is substantially different from that of sap, mineral and mountain water.

There are three components that are exceptionally important before we proceed further. Modern physics can determine the composition of mineral water to the nearest atom. If, however, we mix these ingredients in deionized water, we will not obtain mineral water. Without analysis of parameters that are associated with energy, it is difficult to explain the origin of life as a mixture of organic molecules. Which are the factors that preserve information in a “self-organizing” structure. The more logical outcome is for it to self-destruct. Naturally all these processes have occurred due to energy from the environment.

Oparin, theoretically, and Miller, experimentally, have indicated the possibility for formation of organic molecules in the conditions of the young Earth.

Experiments and analyses indicate close quantum-mechanical distribution according to energies of water molecules between a liquid, which is directly connected with the vital activity of a plant, and mineral and karst water. Mineral water in springs and geysers flows with a nearly constant composition, and long enough. In contact with calcium carbonate (СаСО₃), sulphur (S) and other elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, etc.), stable cluster formations are established. And since the external factor is repeated, they are more difficult to destroy. Energy required for maintaining the self-organizing structures directly depends on the heat from the volcanic activity and the magma. It also depends on the solar energy. Entropy depends on the amount of heat and the self-organized structure does not self-destruct because the energy balance is maintained.

A proof of this is that the oldest traces of photosynthesizing organisms are the stromatolites. The oldest stromatolites were found in Greenland. They are 3.8 billion years old. They have a complex laminar structure of calcium carbonate and extract hydrogen from water. Even today they exist in Shark-Bay, Australia. Perhaps there has been mineral water at their very inception at the bottom of the water basins, or after their creation close to the shore, they have spread in water basins. Life has been discovered at the bottom of the oceans under extremely harsh conditions and it was near hot mineral springs.

Dwarf Planet 2007 OR10

Waterfall in Teteven, Bulgaria Photo: Alexander Ignatov

One of the unique places in the Solar system is the satellite of Saturn – Enceladus. There the magma maintains liquid water and there is a probability for the existence of life. One of Jupiter’s moons – Europa – holds similar expectations. In August 2011, red-colored ice was discovered on the dwarf planet 2007 OR₁₀ in the Solar system. Analyses showed that these are carbon polymers. The explanation is a beginning of origination of life, when there have been active volcanoes on the planet as an energy source. Solar activity here is too low to sustain life activity.

The “Nature” journal indicates that there is new evidence for the origination of vegetation 1.5 billion years ago. You can obtain an impression of the first species of vegetation at the Teteven waterfall.

The plant cell cannot exist without the following organogenic elements C, H, N, P, O, S and the elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, B, etc.

Let’s review the following reactions:

(1)   CO₂ + 4H₂S + O₂ = CH₂O + 4S + 3H₂O

(2)   СаСО₃+ HOH + СО₂ = Ca(HCО₃)₂

The first equation shows how some chemosynthetic bacteria use energy from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) to sulfur (S).

The second equation is related to one of the most common processes in nature.

In the presence of water and carbon dioxide, calcium carbonate transforms into calcium hydrogencarbonate.

In the presence of hydroxyl OH- ions, the cellular processes are activated. Kagava demonstrates that an effect of improving the conductivity of the cell membrane is observed. The valid reaction is:

(3)   CO₂ + ОН^- = HCО₃^-

(4)   2 HCO₃^- + Ca²⁺ = CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O

It is assumed that the second reaction has been valid upon the origination of the stromatolites.

Contemporary chlorophyll contains the elements C, H, O, N, Mg.

When considering the issue of self-organization in nature, there is an exceptionally interesting example found in the karst springs in Zlatna Panega, Teteven district. Algae are surrounded with bubbles 3-5 mm in size. These bubbles are retained long enough – from hours to days. Water itself, which is similar in its spectrum to plants, “seeks” to preserve the self-organizing structures. During the study, the ambient temperature was 5°C. It is known that if Са²⁺ ions are added to a solution of pectin molecules, the solution is gelatinised. The reason is that Са²⁺ ions bind to pectin molecules and cellulose microfibrils are formed. There is evidence that this kind of Са²⁺ - sutures play a crucial role in the unification of the different components of the cell wall and influence its compactness and strength. Cytoplasm consists of 99% water, ions and other elements that form its basic structure.

In 2003, Arge and McKinnon received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of water channels for water penetration into the cells. The aquaporin protein that regulates water exchange plays a role here. By increasing the concentration of calcium ions this process is more active.

Cabanero and team carried out experiments, which show the role of Са²⁺ in the permeability of the cell wall of plant cells.

Karst spring bubbles, Zlatna Panega, Teteven district, Bulgaria Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Organism with a silicon skeleton

Result of Geissler, Saykally and Smith with Raman spectroscopy pon analysis of the movement of water molecules, Berkeley University, USA

In the most ancient organisms in evolution a silicon skeleton is observed. These are the sea sponges, the radiolaria and the diatomeae. Silicon was gradually displaced by the more active element calcium. The organisms reached the silicon-calcium skeleton and the most evolutionarily advanced of them – the calcium skeleton.

Molecular biology, almost like a dogma, adopts the model for the structure of the cell membrane. The main part of the membrane is made up of a double phospholipid layer.

In the Sargasso Sea a phenomenon is observed. Membranes of blue-green algae cells are made of phosphorus-containing lipids. The reason is that there is almost no phosphorus and nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea. The unicellulars have found a smart way to use sulfur instead of phosphorus in their lipid membranes. Apparently, in “self-organization” the structures choose the optimal components for them.

However, let's look at the structuring of water clusters.

The effect of Antonov and Yuskeselieva of 1983 showed that the water droplet evaporates discretely (in a salutatory fashion). This effect depends on the energy states of hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of water molecules and the hydrogen atoms of the neighboring molecules. Water molecules themselves are linked into clusters. One of the evidences is the clusters of water molecules sized 1,1 1,1 µm / 1,1 µm / 203 Å. photographed by Zenin with an electronic microscope. The obtained result has not been replicated in other laboratories, so it is difficult to be accepted as scientific foundation yet. The very structures of Zenin’s photography are about 40 nanometers in size. A team of Japanese scientists headed by Naguib published information that small clusters of water molecules and carbon have been observed with an electronic microscope. Their size was 20 to 50 nanometers. {1 nanometer= 10^-9 m (meters) = 10 Å}.

The smallest bacterium Micrococcus progrediens is sized 0,1 µm or 100 nanometers in diameter. This means that self-organization and structuring of living matter may begin within the stable cluster formations.

n 2005 a team from Berkeley University, USA – Geissler, Saykally and Smith, demonstrated with Raman spectroscopy that hydrogen bonds between water molecules are constantly tearing, changing and moving. These results correlate with my quantum-mechanical analysis of water spectrum. In these analyses the relative stability of clusters depends on external factors. Water is different in its structure, and a similarity in the spectrum can be observed in the presence of certain external factors (Ignatov, 2005). Water changes the position of water molecules depending on the energy of hydrogen bonds. The apparatus results and analyses for the presence of “stationary” clusters can hardly be accepted. Cluster formations themselves are dynamic and the “memorization” of information depends on a series of factors. The first results and analyses with Antonov’s device were obtained in 1997.

The chart above shows the results of the PNAS, USA study on the possible number of hydrogen bonds depending on the number of water molecules. Upon an increase of the number of hydrogen bonds, the nano-droplets stability is reduced. This result correlates with my quantum-mechanical analysis regarding dynamic movement of water molecules in their attempt to find a relatively stable condition of clusters of the order of nanometers.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), USA

Let us "translate" the results from the chart into the “language” of quantum physics and biophysics. When water droplets evaporate, the spectrum of the hydrogen bonds with the lowest energy, around -0.09 to -0.1 eV is obtained in the beginning. These water molecules may be linked in clusters, and may also be free. At -0.11 eV a peak is observed, which (this is proven experimentally) is related to the presence of calcium ions in the water (Antonov, Galabova, 1992). The two authors have studied a solution of calcium carbonate and water from the “Temnata Dupka” cave, Bulgaria. The results correlate at level of p<0.05. This is part of a cluster formation. With the increase of the energy of the hydrogen bonds among the water molecules to -0.14 еV, the cluster formation completes its structuring. A redistribution according to energies between the water molecules is observed (Ignatov, Antonov, Galabova, 1998).

In the presence of trace elements and compounds, clusters are more stable. In the control “deionized” water measurements show that not many stable clusters are formed.

Studies with the device of Professor Antonov of the spectrum of water that interacts with living tissue show an increase in the parameters of the spectrum between -0.1362 eV to -0.1387 eV. Cancerous tissue in this part of the spectrum decreased these parameters. One cluster formation “begins” to self-organize when it seeks to “preserve” the stronger energy interaction between the molecules in it. We can define “life” energy as “conservation” of “self-organization” of stronger energy levels in clusters of molecules (Ignatov, 2010).

Chaplin defines cluster structures in which the carbon atoms are in the cluster nucleus. His evidence correlates with my examining of the difference between the qualities of water with regard to the creation of cluster formation, which carry information about the living matter. Chaplin considers the structure C₆₀(H₂O)₈₀.

Chaplin's results correlate with the Hofmeister series. These series are related to the classification of ions in terms of their ability to change structures in water. The measurements with Antonov’s device also correlate with the Hofmeister series.

The results of Chaplin also correlate with the measurements of Andrievsky with piezo gravitometry for (20 - 24 H₂O за C₆₀). Similar results were obtained with colorimetry. The number of water molecules at 0 degrees is 60 H₂O за C₆₀.

In “depleted” water it is about 20 water molecules. These results and analyses of Chaplin are fundamental to the fact that different types of water have a number of water molecules in terms of their binding with carbon molecules. The amplitudes of the spectrum of “depleted” water are the lowest. The spectrum of the “depleted” water is close to the spectrum of “deionized” water. The amplitudes in natural waters are high, especially in the hydrogen bonds of strongest energy of -0.1362 еV to -0.1387 еV.

The evidence shown indicates that the emergence of life depends on the properties and structure of water , and also on additional conditions. Mineral water, which interacts with calcium carbonate is closest to these conditions and has left a trace in plants with its structure, and entropy. Next in line with regard to quality are sea and mountain water (Ignatov, 2010). In warm and hot mineral waters the peaks in the differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) (Antonov, 1993) are more pronounced in comparison to the peaks in the same water with a lower temperature. This signifies that there is more energy for the preservation of a self-organized structure. The spectral range of DNES is in the middle infrared range from 8 to 14 micrometers. There is the earth atmosphere’s window of transparency for the electromagnetic radiation in the close and middle infrared range. In this interval energy is radiated from the Sun towards the Earth, and from the Earth towards surrounding space. Water changes with a cosmic rhythm. The likelihood of origination of life is biggest in warm and hot water with a specific structure (Ignatov, 2009, 2010). In January 2010, American scientist David Ward and colleagues described fossilized stromatolites in the Glacier National Park in the USA. They are studying microbes in Yellowstone National Park in USA, which are building stromatolites in hot water similar like ancient organisms. Rotorua in New Zealand is a similar place. Stromatolites have lived in warm and hot water in zones of volcanic activity. Warm and hot waters can be heated by magma as well. Their age is 3.5 billion years. These are the first organisms with fossil evidence. This is a confirmation and of the concept based on biophysical analyses for origination of life in warm and hot mineral waters and geysers (Ignatov, 2009, 2010). In June 2010, an article with this evidence was published at an Euromedica congress in Hanover, Germany. In common parlance, the Russian scientist Mosin calls the analyses “Water for the Origination of Life.” In September 2010, the American scientists Stockbridge, Lewis, Yung Yuan and Wolfenden published an article with the popular title “Is the Origin of Life in Hot Water ?”. They consider the probability of faster biochemical reactions in hot water. Mosin thinks that in the beginning of evolution there was much more deuterium in water and this is a significant fact regarding its information abilities about the preservation of life.

In September 2011 a team of Japanese scientists led by Tadashi Sugawara also brought us closer to the secret that life has originated in warm or, more likely, hot water. They have created a proto cells, witch are similar of bubbles. For this purpose, they have made an aqueous solution of organic molecules, DNA and synthetic enzymes. The solution was heated to a temperature close to water’s boiling point – 95 degrees. Then its temperature was lowered to 65 degrees. A formation of a proto cells wits membrane was also observed. These proto cells are multiplying. This is a step for creation of synthetic cell. This laboratory experiment is an excellent confirmation of the possibility that life has originated in hot water (Ignatov, 2010), (Ward, 2010). Upon changing the temperature is changing the middle energy of hydrogen bonds among water molecules, as an information bearer of life. (Ignatov, Antonov, 1998).

Yellowstone National Park, USA

Movement of hot mineral water rich in minerals

In the hot mineral water "breathes" life

Deposition of minerals and formation of "structures"

In 2011 the team from the Laboratory of Geology in Lyon, France with head Marie-Laure Pons were studied some of the oldest rocks in the planet and found the mineral serpentinite. It was previously thought that the first living creatures evolved in geysers. The French scientists were proved that in Greenland the water was rich in carbonates, not too acidic. The temperatures would have ranged from 100 to 300°C. The process in geysers also had been possible in the sea. These new results are an excellent confirmation of the possibility that life has originated in hot mineral water (Ignatov, 2010), (Ward, 2010). Also is very important that this process was connected with carbonates (Ignatov, Antonov, Galabova, Stoyanov, 2001).

In Rupite, Bulgaria is possible observation of “scenario” for origination of life in hot mineral water near dead volcano.

In 2012 Brian Switek was published in Nature the report “Debate bubbles over the origin of life”.. In 2009 Mulkidjanian and Michael Galperin were published the report that the first cells were developed in zinc-rich environments. Mulkidjanian informed: “Тhe cytoplasm is rich in potassium, zinc, manganese, and phosphate ions, which are not widespread in marine environments, and has lower amounts of sodium ions than outside.”

Irene Klotz shows in Discovery News the opinion of Nobel holder Jack Szostak “The accumulation of organic compounds in endorheic (free-standing) ponds is also easier to imagine than in the ocean, and geothermally active areas provide numerous advantages”.

The following experiment was conducted in laboratory settings (Ignatov, 2012). The first living structures originated in the warm and hot mineral water with more bicarbonate ions (HCО₃^-),metal ions (Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, К etc.) and deuterium molecules (Ignatov, Mosin, 2012). There was a gas discharge (lightning) in the ancient atmosphere and close to the water. The water in the electrode of the Kirlian device has a similar composition. It has electric discharge, like in the ancient atmosphere. Biophysical fields from a biological object and gas discharge are also emitted in a specific zone in the center of the electrode. A structure sized 12/14 mm was formed as a result of the experiment. It resembles a small jelly-fish. No structure is organized in a control sample with water from an electrode. Before being placed in the electrode, water is heated to boiling point and then cooled down. With the increase of the gas discharge duration, the structure is also increased. This experiment demonstrates that under specific external conditions, the organization of structures in the water becomes reality. Water was heated by the magma.

Let us go millions or even 3-4 billion years back. The air of the young Earth was different from the present. It contained little oxygen. It consisted mainly of hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia (NH₃) , methane CH₄) and others. Also, the strong volcanic activity has emitted into the atmosphere nitrogen N, (H₂S) nd sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Even the water was different. In 1996 Mosin made the assumption that water contained much more deuterium in the early evolution. According to this review of the Russian scientist, life began to emerge in water with more water molecules containing deuterium. This water is known as heavy. Heavy water was discovered by American scientist Urey in 1939. The water molecule with two atoms of deuterium isotope is heavier and more electronegative. This water is also colorless. In it, however, chemical reactions proceed more slowly. Only the simplest organisms can exist in 75% water with deuterium. Research of American scientists with ultraviolet telescope showed that the Universe has more deuterium than what we have assumed thus far. This evidence changes a series of views on the evolution of stars and galaxies according to American scholar Lynskey. Interestingly, however, hydrogen bonds in water with deuterium in the water molecules are more stable. This means that in the primary water on Earth the self-organizing structures have managed to preserve themselves for a longer time. There is evidence that during this period there has been a process of structuring of organic molecules.

Meteorites and comets give us much information about the origination of the Solar system. Most impressive is the Murchison meteorite that fell in Australia in 1962. 18 amino acids, which are not of terrestrial origin, have been found in its analysis.

The amino acid glycine, which is the basis of protein, has been found in the tail of the Wild-2 comet in 2009. These scientific advances show that the “building blocks” of life have existed in the origination of the Solar system and the Earth. On our planet the molecules fell in the aquatic environment of evolution. Amino acids and water clusters began to self-organize. This activity was maintained with energy from the magma, the volcanic activity and the solar activity.

The shown analyzes of the water spectrum indicate that most favorable for the development of life are the mineral waters that interact with calcium carbonate and then - sea water (Dr. Ignatov, 2010). The spectrum of karst water is also very close to that of plants. The oldest evidence of living organisms with complex laminar structure of calcium carbonate date 3.8 billion years back. These organisms – stromatolites – soak up silicon dioxide. Karst water itself contains calcium carbonate, actively interacts with living matter and carries information about life from a later geological period. The mixture of karst and mineral water from Zlatna Panega, Bulgaria which shows us the spectrum of mineral water, which interacts with calcium carbonate from a karst spring, is unique. Over 30 springs of mineral water containing calcium and carbonate ions have been researched and have a spectrum that is close to that of the water from Zlatna Panega.

The photograph shows the richness of Chlorella algae in the Rupite, Bulgaria. The place is located near the bottom of a dead volcano. At a temperature of 75 °C the flora boils with life. The water in Rupite is characterized with a greater amount of bicarbonate ions (HCO_3-) (1320 -1488 mg/l, Vladeva). It is assumed for these ions, like for calcium ions (Ca²⁺) that they have been involved in the formation of stromatolites (4). Apparently, the larger amount of carbon atoms is essential for the self-organization of a living cell of molecules. This water contains both sodium, calcium and magnesium ions as well as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), metasilicic acid(H₂SiO₃), carbon dioxide. Water in Rupite approaches in composition the water in which life has originated. Only a few kilometers away is the river Struma and no such diversity of algae is observed there. Time will tell whether in Rupite there have been stromatolites. It is possible that natural disasters have destroyed them. In Bulgaria stromatolites have been found in the Pobitite Kamani location near Beloslav, Varna district (Nachev). The place is near the Black Sea coast. There are many mineral springs in this area.

Algae, mineral water, 75 °C, Rupite, Vanga’s place Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Photography with minerals, Dipl. Eng. Petkov©, Prof. Ignatov

Photography with minerals, Dipl. Eng. Petkov©, Prof. Ignatov

Electronic photograph of the bacterium M. Lysodeikticus

In the early stages of the Earth's development, silicate minerals were able to participate in the origination of life on Earth. The first biological molecules such as ribose, which is part of the DNA composition, could also form at normal temperature. In this process the silicate ions are catalysts and stabilizers of the process. This reaction is called formose and has been studied mainly by Joseph Lambert. This process is possible on the surface of carbonate-clay cliffs. The medium of the formose reaction is alkaline and needs the presence of sodium ions. Mineral water, which interacts with calcium carbonate and contains sodium and others ions, is alkaline and is the information medium for the structuring of a living cell.

An interesting phenomenon is observed in The Black Sea. Below 200 m depth there is hydrogen sulphide (H2S) in the water. In the early evolution some chemosinthetic bacteria use energy from the oxidation of hydrogen sulphide(H₂S) to sulphur (S). Perhaps the Black Sea has preserved a memory of this primary ocean.

Gradually in nature there began a “cleansing” of the deuterium from the water. According to Mosin, there are two very important processes. The Earth's atmosphere had no protective ozone layer and was hotter than the present one. Then the volcanic geothermal and electrical processes in the atmosphere saturated it with heavy water vapors (Mosin, 1996). According to astronomers, the Earth's gravitational field is not strong enough to hold the lighter hydrogen and it is dissociated in interplanetary space. This occurs faster than with the heavier deuterium, which is absorbed in the water. At a later stage, water started cleansing the deuterium through natural rocks.

Upon reduction of deuterium in water, evolution is faster. Had the process of cleansing the deuterium not started on the Earth, evolution could have remained “frozen” at a very low stage.

In 1978 Eryomina and Chekulaev published data from electronic microscope of deuterium cells of the bacterium M. Lysodeikticus.

The deuterium cell is larger and a modification of the direction of division. The cell membrane also changes, and it reacts first to the impact of heavy water.

Electronic photograph of the bacterium M. Lysodeikticus. The first two cells are in protonated water. The third cell is deuterium and is in heavy water (Eryomina, Chekulaev, 1978).

В началните етапи на развитието на Земята силикатните минерали са могли да участват в зараждането живота на Земята. Първите биологични молекули като рибозата, която влиза в състава на ДНК са могли да се образуват и при нормална температура. При този процес силикатните йони са катализатори и стабилизатори на процеса. Тази реакция се нарича формозна и основно е изследвана от Джоузеф Ламбърт. Този процес е възможен на повърхността на карбонатно-глинести скали. Средата формозната реакция е алкална и е необходимо наличие на натриеви йони. Минералната вода, която взаимодейства с калциев карбонат и съдържа и натриеви и др. йони е алкална и е информационната среда за структуриране на жива клетка.

n 1972, Crespi and Katz demonstrated that the increase of the percentage content of deuterium in water reduces plant growth. In 1996 Mosin proved that the alteration of metabolisms in the process of adaptation to heavy water leads to cellular death. With over 50% of deuterium in the water molecules, plants die. Experiments conducted by Mosin show that microorganisms can live in 98% heavy water. Regarding the storage of information from clusters of water molecules, it is considered that a major role in the origin and self-organization of living cells belongs to the deuterium bonds (Mosin, 1996, Ignatov, 2010).

In an experimental plan tap water contains deuterium of more than 100 g. per tonne. Mountain water contains small amounts of deuterium. These two types of water have not existed at the origin of life. Representatives of the Club of Medical Biophysics from Teteven, Bulgaria under the direction of Dr. Ignatov held the following scientific experiment. They watered identical seeds with tap water and mountain water. Plants watered with mountain water grew faster. The larger amount of deuterium reduces the permeability of the cell membrane. The figure shows the result with maize after 1 month of watering (Dr. Ignatov, Tsvetkova 2010).

Scientifically reliable results were demonstrated by Klima in the growth of plants with different water. When we do research on water, we face its unique properties, which are related to the origination of life.

To the left is the plant that is watered ith tap water. To the right is the plant, which is watered with mountain water from Teteven, Bulgaria (Dr. Ignatov, Tsvetkova 2010)

Artificial protein-like compounds, proteinoids that divide themselves with the increase of the alkalinity of the medium, Fox

Artificial protein-like compounds, proteinoids that divide themselves with the increase of the alkalinity of the medium, Fox

Water structures like DNA in nanotubes, Xiao Chen Sen and team, New Scientist, USA

In the early 60's of the last century the American scientist Fox did an experiment in which an anhydrous mixture of amino acids is heated to 170 °C. 18 of 23 amino acids found in modern organisms were formed. When Fox washed the hot mixture with water or solutions, structures with a diameter of several nanometers were formed. These are artificial protein-like compounds called proteinoids. Proteinoids have the characteristics of proteins. They have a two-layer shell and upon a change of osmotic pressure they tend to divide themselves. Fox has had a success to combine amino acids into short irregular chains – non-matrix synthesis of polypeptides. He described self-organizing structures similar to coacervates and called them microspheres. The proteinoid microspheres divide themselves with the increase of the alkalinity of the medium.

The California Review indicates that an experiment has been made with water, which is similar in composition to the thermal springs in the primary ocean. Water that is rich in carbon dioxide and iron is heated in a container at 130°С. Chromium and nickel sulphide were added. Small membranes around the molecules have been observed. This experiment demonstrates the process of formation of self-organizing membrane structures.

The experiment was based on the hypothesis of Wächtershäuser for the emergence of living matter in thermal springs. The composition of thermal water is missing calcium and silicon, which are necessary for the skeleton of a living organism. There is a possibility that life forms have originated and have disappeared subsequently. The important thing is that under stable external factors there is a tendency towards self-organization. The authors of the experiment indicate that one of the factors for the structuring of the membrane is the alkaline water. Mineral water, which interacts with calcium carbonate, as well as seawater are alkaline.

The theoretical analysis of Oparin, Miller's experiments, Fox and others clearly show that in nature organic molecules can be structured from inorganic ones. In their experiments the main source of energy is heat. In nature, these are solar radiation and magma energy. Another important conclusion is that the origin of life is possible in an alkaline environment. In all cases self-organization is observed.

In the 19th century Pasteur noted that in inanimate nature molecules are symmetrical. In animate nature molecules are mirror image asymmetrical. Proteins are made up of left-oriented amino acids. This property is determined by the rotation of the plane of polarization of light from the molecule. How to explain this phenomenon?

The presence of asymmetry in organic molecules could have been obtained when an open system, which precedes the biosphere, has been in extremely critical non-equilibrium state. Evolutionary transition was effected with a leap, which is typical for self-organization.

An example of this condition are the experiments in which water molecules resemble DNA in nanotubes. American scientists led by Xiao Chen Shen managed to make an interesting experiment. At high pressure and low temperature water molecules of ice form structures resembling the double helix of DNA. Under these extreme conditions hydrogen bonds are "bent".

A team of researchers has conducted a very interesting experiment in the Arctic. A drilling was done in the ice at a depth of half a kilometer. Layers of ice from different years were clearly visible. An isotopic analysis was made of the deuterium and of oxygen isotopes. Water has always been able to “remember” information from the respective year. It turned out that the coldest were the XV, the end of the XVII and the beginning of the XIX century. The warmest were 1550 and 1930.

Cluster formation of 6 water molecules, Michaelides, Morgenstern, Nature

Michaelides from the Nanotechnology Center in London and Morgenstern from the Leibniz University in Hannover have published in the Nature journal results of studies of the nano-level of water. Photography shows the smallest connected formation of 6 water molecules in ice.

Extreme conditions are observed in volcanic activity, the discharges in the atmosphere of the young Earth. The mineral water, which reacts with calcium carbonate, and sea water have a favorable spectrum for the preservation of self-organizing structures. The Kirlian effect in laboratory conditions creates a selective gas discharge. In Miller's experiments there are also non-equilibrium extreme conditions with a gas discharge.

През 2010 г. проф. Игнатов успява да проведе един изключително прецизен експеримент.

In 2010 Dr. Ignatov managed to conduct an exceptionally precise experiment.

Color Kirlian (electric) images of water droplets of different types of water were photographed. This experiment also shows the relationship between the electric glow and the rotation of the plane of polarization of water molecules in the respective water (Dr. Ignatov, 2010). A team of Ukrainian scientists managed to make black and white Kirlian photographs of different types of water (Pisotska et al., 2007).

Water molecules are polar and they orient themselves according to the external electric field. In the Kirlian method the conductivity of the object does not affect the electric image. Its formation depends on the distribution of dielectric permittivity (Antonov, 1984). The effect of Kirlian is also related to the bioelectric glow of a living object.

When examining the spectrum of water droplets, the electric glow is associated with the polarity of water molecules and their arrangement as a result of the applied external electric field. Polarization is a phenomenon that occurs in electromagnetic waves in which the electromagnetic field oscillates (hesitates, flickers) in one particular plane.

Digital Kirlian Photography of water samples©: 1 drop - tap water, 2 mountain water drop, Teteven, Bulgaria, 3 drop - seawater, Hammamet, Tunisia, 4 drop - karst and mineral water, Zlatna Panega, Bulgaria,; Dr. Ignatov©, Yatsevich©, 2010

Kirlian Photography of water samples on photographic film©: 1 drop - tap water, 2 mountain water drop, Teteven, Bulgaria, 3 drop - seawater, Hammamet, Tunisia, 4 drop - karst and mineral water, Zlatna Panega, Bulgaria,; Dr. Ignatov©, Yatsevich©, 2010

The photographing of the Kirlian spectrum is one of the physical methods in which the image has a much better quality on photographic film, than the electric images filmed with digital methods and with Polaroid. The experiment shows that for different water a different electric image is obtained (Dr. Ignatov, 2010). The dielectric permittivity of water is high and this is important for its properties as a solvent. Kirlian images of water droplets show that different water perceives differently the electric field.

Experiments with the electric glow of water droplets prove the self-organization as a result of the polarization of water clusters with a tendency to store information in a living cell. Kirlian glow is basically related to dielectric permittivity and respectively the polarization of the water clusters from an electric field. The best structuring belongs to the water molecules in mineral waters that interact with calcium carbonate and then to sea water, depending on their polarization. A parallel spectral analysis of water shows that the water with the more pronounced electrical images has more pronounced peaks in the spectrum. In the ancient atmosphere there were electric discharges and the indicated analyses show a tendency for ordering and self-organization of water clusters (Dr. Ignatov, 2010).

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any closed system always strives toward an increase, i.e. increase of chaos. Living organisms are open systems, inside them entropy decreases andorder increases. In information theory, entropy is a measure for insufficiency of information in a physical system and is a function of probability. Entropy is infinite if probability is zero. According to Hawking, the second law of thermodynamics defines that the states of chaos significantly outnumber the states of order. He makes the assumption that in the beginning a system has a small number of orderly states. Over time, this system develops according to natural laws and its states change. At later stages, the states of chaos increase in number. Eventually, its states of chaos increase and so does entropy. He uses as an example the computer’s memory, which is based on the binary numeral system. The direction of time in which the computer saves the past is the same direction in which disorder increases.

Schrödinger demonstrates a correlation between the entropy of living organisms and the environment. Living organisms decrease their own entropy at the expense of the increase of the entropy of the environment.

Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder of the physical system. It is expressed in the number of possible arrangements of the components. Prigozhin received the Nobel Prize explaining that at a statistical level the chaotic states of living systems lead to an irreversible behavior. Self-structuring and self-organization are observed. He explains the auto-oscillatory reaction of Belousov–Zhabotinsky. Prigozhin shows how together with the increase of entropy, self-organization originates.

According to the author, living organisms decrease their own entropy due to their orderliness. This orderliness increases with the transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Cells divide in a particular sequence. Living organisms live with their our own energy, and also exchange substances and energy with the environment. The environment increases its entropy and thus its disorder. Over time, the living organism has more and more difficulties to adapt. This adaptation depends on the consistency and velocity of life processes. Time is a fundamental concept in physics and philosophy and the fourth dimension in space – the time continuum. According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, there are 3 spatial and one time dimension. Time measures the duration and sequence of states and events.

The lichen has preserved a sensation about another time on Earth Photo: Alexander Ignatov

Dr. Ignat Ignatov with turtle, Halkida, Greece, 2010

The more rapid the life processes, the faster the states of orderliness are observed, i.e. entropy decreases. Yet this leads to difficulties in compensating entropy with that of the environment, which is associated with metabolism and energy. These organisms such as mammals are able to live up to 100 years. In trees processes are slower, the states of orderliness are obtained more slowly and entropy decreases more slowly than in animals. There are trees that live more than 1000 years. For example in the turtle life processes are slower than in mammals and faster than in trees. It can live up to 300 years. For each living creature its own time can be defined, which somewhat differs from the time of the environment. This time correlates with parameters of the vital activity of living organisms (Ignatov, 2011).

Living organisms are open systems, entropy decreases and order increases in them.

In the 19th century the French scientist Brillouin defined entropy in information systems. On the grounds of biophysical information flows from the living creatures to the environment and vice versa, information properties and the entropy of water in living organisms are changed (Ignatov, Antonov, 1998). Biophysical parameters are introduced for a change of the average energy of the hydrogen bonds in water. “Informativity” of water is related to decrease of entropy in the restructuring of water molecules as a result of external influence (Ignatov, Antonov, 1998). In 2009 the Russian scientist Dulnev measured the parameters of chaos and order as parameters of entropy for one component in a living organism. Yet the living cell is multi-parameter with regard to biophysical parameters (Ignatov, 2011).

When considering the origin of life, the question arises whether there is information in surrounding space for this event. The information in the electromagnetic spectrum spreads with the speed of light. The plant world has originated 1.5 billion years ago. The spectrum of reflected light from plants in the red diapason is interrupted. This means that if this information can be disseminated and there is a highly-sensitive apparatus at a distance of 1.5 billion light years, this apparatus at present time will monitor the process that has occurred on Earth 1.5 billion years ago.

Let us imagine that from the Earth there is information at 1 light year. This information is identical on a sphere with a radius of 1 light year. Any observer from this sphere sees different information compared to other observers. Yet each observer from the sphere observes the center in the same way. In this regard, in the electromagnetic spectrum there is no identical information in different points, if a center of the coordinate system for observation has not been marked. This is an illustration of how time and space are related, when information is disseminated at the speed of light. Light quanta or photons have no mass. The presence of mass leads to deceleration. The question remains how fast can living matter with mass move in space.

However, when we obtain information from living organisms, it is in the electromagnetic range. In some of them there are also acoustic waves. But how does time from surrounding space affect living matter?

Here are two examples from Hawking. Let’s observe an airplane that flies over a hilly area. Although it moves in a straight line in three-dimensional space, its shadow depicts a bent path on the two-dimensional earth surface. The mass of the Sun bends space-time as follows. When the Earth moves in a straight line in four-dimensional space-time, to us it seems that it moves in a circular orbit in three dimensional space. The general relativity theory of Einstein stipulates that in proximity to such a massive body like the Earth, time slows down. The development of life is a unique phenomenon and the lifetime of any living thing depends on the speed of its processes, the “vital” energy, which is a measure of entropy, and the exchange of energy and substances with the environment. Diseases are a violation of processes in the organism and they create chaos in the living organism, as well as a shorter lifetime (Ignatov, 2011).

This means that if an earth organism lives on another planet, a series of evolutionary changes will commence, related to gravity, light, water quality, etc. The organism’s own time will change, due to the different entropy and time of the environment.

In the origination of life, Mosin states that the information properties of water have been better because of deuterium molecules in the water. In such water entropy declines faster. Living creatures are part of Nature and the discovery of new planets gives us a chance to also discover extraterrestrial life forms.

Volvox is an example of self-organization of green algae cells. The volvox colony is built from 500 to 20 000 cells. They are associated with cytoplasmic filaments and jelly-like matter. The cells form a globular corpuscle of up to 3 mm.

The development of volvox has amazing features of self-organization, complication, preservation and exchange of information of living matter. In the process of evolution, a development of multicellularity in plants and animals has been repeatedly observed.

The ability to transmit information from one cell to another in 2010 was proved with a unique experiment by Craig Venter. The American scientist made a difference in modern science. For the first time in the world a cell is living with the genome (the bio computer) of another cell. Only Nature has created life to the level of water cell, atoms and molecules from the environment.

Volvox

Cell with a genome of another cell, Venter, 2010

Is there a life on Titan, the biggest satellite of Saturn

Algae and solar energy, Mountain Vitosha, Bulgaria Photo: Aleksander Ignatov

The human mind seeks to return to the beginning of life on the basis of evidence and model experiments. Now life exists on the earth, in the air and in water.

When considering the origin of life on the young Earth, the first feature is that it has began in an oxygen-free environment. The energy was from electrical discharges, geothermal and solar radiation. This process is shown in model laboratory experiments. It is possible for a life similar to that on Earth to be born under similar conditions and availability of water on another planet. Moons of Saturn can open the door to life on another body in the Solar system. Enceladus has volcanic activity, and on Titan in 2010 there were unexpected results. On the surface of Mars are observed methane pillars that may be a result from the life activity of microbes.

Titan is one of the 5 largest satellites in the Solar system together with our Moon and three moons of Jupiter - Ganymede, Io and Callisto. However, it is the only satellite

which has an atmosphere. In 2010 the Cassini space probe made some unique photographs. The presence of life forms that breathe in the atmosphere of Titan is very possible. Perhaps they use the surface chemical compounds, thereby obtaining the necessary energy. NASA scientist Chris McKay stated: "We believe that the hydrogen in the atmosphere of Titan is used by biological forms." He still does not preclude the possibility that this may be a completely new form of biological life, different than the one on Earth. Scientists liken Titan to Earth in its early stages in view of the chemical components of these heavenly bodies. Titan is outside the "inhabitation zone” and the temperature is -170 °C. At this temperature water is in the form of ice and methane is liquid.

The image creates the feeling how living matter "aims" to mimic the fluid of water as an aspiration towards the foundation of earthly life. The impact of the Sun creates a feeling of energy. Why shouldn’t life on another planet look like this?

Scientific Publications, Origin of Life, Prof. Ignat Ignatov

Scientific Publications, Origin of Life, Prof. Ignat Ignatov

1. Ignatov, I., Antonov, A., Galabova, T., Stoyanov, S. (2001) Self-organization and “Informationability” of Water, Their Importance for the Possible Processes of Structuring of the Living Matter, Seminar “Man and Nature”, (SRCMB), Sofia, Teteven, pp. 63-65.
2. Ignatov, I. (2005) Energy Biomedicine, Origin of Living Matter, “Informationability” of Water, Biophysical Fields, Gea-Libris, Sofia.
3. Ignatov, I. (2006) Energy Biomedicine, Origin of Living Matter, “Informationability” of Water, Biophysical Fields, Gea-Libris, ENIOM, Sofia, Moscow.
4. Ignatov, I. (2007) Energy Biomedicine, Origin of Living Matter, “Informationability” of Water, Biophysical Fields, ICH, Munich.
5. Ignatov, I. (2010) Which Water is Optimal for the Origin (Generation) of Life? Euromedica, Hanover, pp 34-37.
6. Ignatov, I. (2011) Entropy and Time in Living Organisms, ArchivEuromedica, Hanover, 1st&2nd Edition, pp. 74-75.
7. Ignatov, I. (2011) Entropy and Time in Living Organisms, Euromedica, Hanover, pp. 60-62.
8. Ignatov, I., Tsvetkova, V. (2011) Water for the Origin of Life and “Informationability” of Water, Kirlian (Electric Images) of Different Types of Water, Euromedica, Hanover, pp. 62-65.
9. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2012) Hot Mineral Water with Deuterium Molecules for the Origin of Life and Living Matter, Congress Science, Information, Consciousness, Saint-Petersburg Technical University, pp. 137-149.
10. Ignatov, I. (2012) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water, Conference on the Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Water, Vermont Photonics, USA.
11. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V (2012) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments, VIII Int. Conference Perspectives of the Development of Science and Technique, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 15, pp. 41-49.
12. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2012) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments, Euro-Eco, Hanover, p. 62.
13. Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Deuterium Water Greatly Influenced the Development of Life? No. 6, Biology, SciLib.com.
14. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Science Review, Moscow, No.1, pp. 17-27.
15. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Acknowledge, Moscow, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 1-16.
16. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water, Acknowledge, Moscow, Vol. 15, No.2, pp. 1-19.
17. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V . (2013) Structure of Water for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Acknowledge, Moscow, Vol. 15, No.2, pp. 1-16.
18. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V .(2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and Origin of Life, School Biology, Moscow, No.3, pp. 5-16.
19. Ignatov, I., Mosin , O.V. (2013) Color Coronal (Kirlian) Spectral Analysis in Modeling of Nonequilibrioum Conditions with the Gas Electric Discharges Simulating Primary Atmosphere. S. Miller's Experiments, Acknowledge, Moscow, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 1-15.
20. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in the Process of Evolutional Development of Life and Living Matter, Astrahan Newspaper of Ecological Development, Astrahan, No. 1, pp. 113-127.
21. Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2013) Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Deuterium Enriched Hot Mineral Water, Acknowledge, Moscow, Vol. 3, No. 16, pp. 1-12.
22. Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2013) Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter with modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis in Heavy Water as Model System, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 65-76.
23. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Modeling of Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral and Seawater with Deuterium, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 103-118.
24. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Consciousness and Physical Reality, Natural Science, Moscow, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 26-32.
25. Ignatov, I., Mosin,O.V. (2014) Modeling of Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water. Research of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis in Hot Heavy Water, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 2, pp. 53-70.
26. Ignatov, I., Mosin,O.V. (2014) Modeling of Possible Conditions For Origin of First Organic Forms in Hot Mineral Water, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 3., pp. 1-14.
27. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Research of Isotopic Effects of Deuterium in Cells of Microorganisms in the Presence of D2O in IR Spectra in Hot Mineral Water for Origin of Life, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 4, pp. 45-57.
28. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Modeling of Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Sea and Hot Mineral Water. Process of Formation of Stromatolites, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 5, pp. 23-46.
29. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Coronal Gas Discharge Effect in Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere and Hydrosphere for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 5, pp. 47-70.
30. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2014) Hot Mineral Water with More Deuterium for Origin of Live and Living Matter. Process of Formation of Stromatolites, Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, Vol. 6, pp. 1-24.
31. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2014) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Primary Atmosphere and Hydrosphere. Modeling of Non-equilibrium Electric Gas Discharge Conditions, Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, Vol. 6, pp. 25-49.
32. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Color Coronal Spectral Analysis in Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Biomedical Radioelectronic, Moscow, No.2, pp. 42-51.
33. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Color Coronal (Kirlian) Spectral Analysis in Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Nano and Microsystem Technique, Moscow, No. 8, pp. 8-15.
34. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2014) Modeling of the Conditions in Primary Hydrosphere in the Process for the Origination of Organic Forms of Life in Hot Mineral Water, No. 6, pp. 37-48.
35. Ignatov, I., Mosin O.V. (2012) Isotopic composition of water and its temperature in modeling primordial hydrosphere experiments, VII Int. Conference Future Studies in Science and Technology, Veterinary Biological Science, Prague, Vol. 15, pp. 41-49.
36. Ignatov, I., Mosin O.V. (2014) Coronal Effect in Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with the Gas Electric Discharge, Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Nanotechnology Research and Practice, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 127-140.
37. Ignatov, I., Mosin O.V. (2014) Coronal Effect for Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with the Gas Electric Discharge, Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Nano- and Microsystem Technique, Moscow, No. 8, pp. 8-15.
38. Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2013) Color Coronal Spectral Analysis for Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with the Gas Electric Discharge, Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Nanoengineering, Moscow, No. 12, pp. 41-51.
39. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Ideas about the Origin of Life in the Light of the Study of the Properties of the Natural Water, Chemistry, Moscow, No. 10, pp. 3-9.
40. Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2014) Modeling of Conditions in Primary Hydrosphere in the Process of Origination of Organic Forms of Life in Hot Mineral Water, Nanoengineering, Moscow, No. 6, pp. 37-46.
41. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2015) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water, Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, Vol. 39. pp. 1-22.
42. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2015) Non-equilibrium Gas Discharge Conditions for Origin of Life and Living Matter. Experiments of Miller. Modeling of the Conditions with Gas Coronal Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 9, pp. 27-50.
43. Ignatov, I. Mosin, O.V. (2015) S. Miller’s Experiments in Modelling of Non-Equilibrium Conditions with Gas Electric Discharge Simulating Primary Atmosphere, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 15, pp. 61-76.
44. Ignatov, I. Mosin, O.V. (2015) Studying the Properties of Hot Mineral Water to Sustain the Organic Forms of Life by IR, NES and DNES Methods, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 16, pp. 30-42.
45. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2015) Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic Microorganisms with Modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis as a Model System in 2H2O, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 17, pp. 53-75.
46. Ignatov, I. Mosin, O.V. (2015) Studying the Properties of Hot Mineral Water to Sustain the Organic Forms of Life by IR, NES and DNES Methods, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 18, pp. 1-14.
47. Ignatov, I. Mosin, O.V. (2015) Possible Processes for Origin of First Chemoheterotrophic Microorganisms with Modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus subtilis as a Model System in 2H2O, European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology. Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 131-155.
48. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) The Reactions of Condensation–Dehydration Occurring in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions at рН = 9–11 and t = 65–95 °C in the Process of Modeling of Primary Hydrosphere, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 24, pp. 42-55.
49. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Studying the Process of Formation of Precambrian Period Limestone Dolomite Fossils of Stromatolites in Hot Mineral Water Interacting with CaCО3, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 25, pp. 29-44.
50. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) The Formation of Thermal Proteinoids in Hot Water, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 26, pp. 15-27.
51. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Isotopic Composition, the Temperature and pH Value of Water in Experiments with Prognosis of Primary Hydrosphere and Possible Conditions for Origin of First Organic Forms in Hot Mineral Water with HDO, Journal of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Vol. 24, pp. 18-41.
52. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Deuterium, Heavy Water and Origin of Life, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, pp. 1-500.
53. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Water and Origin of Life, Altaspera Publishing & Literary Agency Inc, pp. 1-616.
54. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Studying the Process of Formation of Precambrian Period Limestone Fossils of Stromatolites in Hot Mineral Water with СаСО3, Russian Journal of Biological Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 48-68.
55. Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Can the First Organic Forms Of Life Originate in Hot Mineral Water with HDO? Russian Journal of Biological Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 4-19.
56. Ignatov, I. (2019) Origin of Life in Hot Mineral Water from Hydrothermal Springs and Ponds. Effects of Hydrogen and Nascent Hydrogen. Analyses with Spectral Methods, pH and ORP, European Reviews of Chemical Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 49-60.
57. Ignatov, I.,Mosin, O.V.(2016) Water and Origin of Life: Collection of Scientific Publications, Moscow, Berlin, Direct Media, pp. 1-658.
58. Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.
59. Mosin,O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.
60. Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Adaptation of Organisms in Heavy Water, Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, Vol. 7., pp. 101-140.
61. Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Procariotic and Eukariotic Cells, European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 11-24.
62. Ignatov, I., Valcheva, N., Mihaylova, S., Dinkov, G. (2021) Physicochemical and Microbiological Results of Hyperthermal (Hot) Mineral Water in Rupite, Bulgaria as Model System for Origin of Life. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, Vol. 41, No.24, pp. 16-22. (PDF file)
    https://www.mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/1824
63. Ignatov, I., Valcheva, N. (2021) Physiological and Molecular Characteristics of Bacillus spp. Isolated from Warm Mineral Waters in Varna, Bulgaria as Model System for Origin of Life, Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 51-58.
    https://mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/1888
64. Ignatov, I. (2020) Origin of Life in Hot Mineral Water. Analyses with Infrared Spectral
    Methods, pH and ORP. Effects of Hydrogen and Nascent Hydrogen, European Journal of
    Molecular Biotechnology, Vol. 8, No 1, pp. 14-23.
65. Ignatov, I. (2021) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water and Properties of Polar Molecules in the Primary Hydrosphere and Hydrothermal Ponds, Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 37-52.
    https://mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/2016

Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Water and Origin of Life, Altaspera Publishing & Literary Agency Inc, pp. 1-616.	Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2016) Deuterium, Heavy Water and Origin of Life, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, pp. 1-500.
Ignatov, I.,Mosin, O.V.(2016) Water and Origin of Life: Collection of Scientific Publications, Moscow, Berlin, Direct Media, pp. 1-658.

List of scientific publications, where Prof. Ignat Ignatov is cited
Topic: Origin of Life in Hot Mineral Water

USA
Abiogenesis, World Heritage Encyclopedia, Thermosynthesis http://www.gutenberg.cc/articles/eng/Abiogenesis

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Modeling of Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral and Seawater with Deuterium, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 103–118.

UK
Colón Santos, S-M. (2019) Exploring the untargeted synthesis of prebiotically-plausible molecules. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow.

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2015) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water, Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, Vol. 39. pp. 1-22.
Ignatov, I. (2010) Which Water is Optimal for the Origin (Generation) of Life? Euromedica, Hanover, pp 34-37.

CANADA
Yanchulina, F. S. (2018) Quantum nonlocal bonds between living organisms and role in evolution, Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 12 (3): 4651 -4658.

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Modeling of Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral and Seawater with Deuterium, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 103-118.

AUSTRALIA
Garg, H. et al. (2017) The C21-formyl group in chlorophyll f originates from molecular oxygen, Journal of Biological Chemistry.
https://www.jbc.org/content/292/47/19279.short

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Procariotic and Eukariotic Cells, European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 11-24.

RUSSIA
Donchenko, V. A. et. al. (2018) Physical Principles of Creation of Ionization Channels in the Atmosphere Under cw and Pulsed Laser Irradiation, Russian Physics Journal, 61, 918–929.

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Science Review, Moscow, No.1, pp. 17-27.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11182-018-1478-3

Shatalina, V.A., Starodubtsev, V.S. () Analysis Existence in the Fields Reaitgs Relationship between the Component of Natural Environment, International Scientific Magazine, 3(11): 42-46.
http://ortsci.ru/files/OPU_11_2016web.pdf#page=44

Cited: Ignatov, I. (2011) Entropy and Time in Living Organisms, ArchivEuromedica, Hanover, 1st&2nd Edition, pp. 74-75.

Vasilevskaya, E. R., Ivanova, E. A. (2018) Water with a Reduced Content of Deuterium as the Basis for the Production of Biologically Active Substances from the Immune Organs, International Scientific Practical Conference, 1: 43-45.

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.

Vasilchuk, Y.K. te al. (2015) Isotope and Geochemical Composition of Water in the Meromyktik three-colored lake on the Coast of Aegean Sea, Water Resources, 43(5): 555-566.

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.

Samkov, A. A. et al. (2015) Effect of Water Isotopic Composition on Rhodococcus Erythropolis Biomass Production, 60 (1): 107-112.

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.

Syroeshkin, A. et al. (2019) Deuterium Depleted Water as an Adjuvant in Treatment of Cancer, Sys Rev Pharm. 10(1):112-117.
http://www.sysrevpharm.org/fulltext/196-1568985381.pdf

Cited:
Mosin,O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

Syroeshkin, A. et al. (2019) The effect of the deuterium depleted water on the biological activity of the eukaryotic cells, Journal in Trace Elements in Biology and Medicine, 50: 629-633.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0946672X17307964#!

Cited:
Mosin,O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

GERMANY

Widenmeyer, M. (2019) Das geplante Universum: Wie die Wissenschaft auf Schöpfung hindeutet, SCM Hänssler.

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.

UKRAINE
Gluhova, N.V., Pitsotska, L.A., Kuchuk, N.G. (2015) Development of the system of express classification of water on the basis of gas discherge effect, Kharkiv University, Vol. 3, No. 44, pp. 112-118.

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O.V. (2015) Origin of Life and Living Matter in Hot Mineral Water, Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, Vol. 39. pp. 1-22.
Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2013) Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter with modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis in Heavy Water as Model System, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 65-76.

Kovaliova, O. et al. (2020) Implementation of the plasmochemical activation of technological solutions in the process of ecologization of malt production, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. Vol 5, No 10 (107), pp. 26-34.
https://dspace.dsau.dp.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/3362

Cited:
Ignatov, I., Mosin, O. V. (2013) Isotopic Composition of Water and its Temperature in Modeling of Primordial Hydrosphere Experiments for Origin of Life and Living Matter, Science Review, Moscow, No.1, pp. 17-27.

Zlatska, A. et al. (2020) Effect of the deuterium on efficiency and type of adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro, Scientific Reports, Nature, 10.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61983-3

Cited:
Mosin,O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

Goncharuk, V.V. et al. (2018) Determination of Biological Activity of Water Having a Different Isotope Ratio of Protium and Deuterium, Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 40, 27–34.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S1063455X18010058

Cited:
Mosin, O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

Zlatska, A. et al. (2018) In Vitro Study of Deuterium Effect on Biological Properties of Human Cultured Adipose-Derived Stem Cells, Scientific World Journal,

Cited:
Mosin, O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

Zlatskiy, I. et al. (2018) Effect of deuterium on the morpho-functional characteristics of normal and cancer cells in vitro, Trace elements and Electrolytes, 35 (4).
https://search.proquest.com/openview/e5e2e503577b796e90b919179ec78cf9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2044858

Cited:
Mosin, O.V., Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Influence of Deuterium on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Journal of Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics, Vol. 1, pp. 52-72.

GREECE
Tsombani, T. (2018) Calculation of the dielectric function of ectoin solution in water and heavy water - Molecular dynamics simulations, Dissertation, University of Thessaly School of Science, Healthcare, Biochemistry and Biotechnology.
https://ir.lib.uth.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11615/49689/18234.pdf?sequence=1

Cited:
Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2012) Studying of Isotopic Effects of Heavy Water in Biological Systems on Example of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Biomedicine, Moscow, Vol. 1, No. 1-3, pp. 31-50.

INDIA
Pant, I., Shashidhar, R. () Understanding the influence of heavy water stress on the physiology of Salmonella Typhimurium, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2020; 159.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969804319304130#!

Cited: Mosin, O. V, Ignatov, I. (2014) Biological Adaptation of Organisms in Heavy Water, Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing, Vol. 7., pp.101-140.

Turner, R. (2018) Essential in Microbiology, ED-TECH PRESS, pp. 1-289.

Cited:
Ignatov I., Mosin O.V. (2013) Possible Processes for Origin of Life and Living Matter with modeling of Physiological Processes of Bacterium Bacillus Subtilis in Heavy Water as Model System, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 65-76.